古希臘文條件句 完全攻略

今天班上三位修課同學全數挺過傳說中古希臘文文法大魔王Conditional Sentences的挑戰，這是學習古希臘文第三道關卡也是最後一道關卡。第一道關卡是在第一個學期（初級古希臘文一）最後一個月學習過去式aorist與imperfect，第二道關卡是在第二個學期（初級古希臘文二）的學期中學習mi-verbs，第三道關卡是在第三個學期（中級古希臘文一）第一個月的月底學習indefinite clauses與conditional sentences。能夠挺過這些關卡實在很不容易，而且這三位同學都只有大三，英雄出少年，請大家掌聲鼓勵鼓勵。

I. Simple conditions

    1. Particular conditions

        Past                             εἰ + aor/impf/plupf indicative, aor/impf/plupf indicative.
        Present                        εἰ + present/perfect indicative, present/perfect indicative.
        Future Minatory           εἰ + future indicative, future indicative.
        Future More Vivid        ἐὰν + subjunctive, future indicative or imperative.

    2. General conditions

        Past                             εἰ + optative, imperfect indicative.
        Present                        ἐὰν + subjunctive, present indicative.

        Future More Vivid         ἐὰν + subjunctive, future indicative or imperative.

II. Contrary to fact (and remote conditions)

        Past                             εἰ + aor. indicative, ἂν + aor. indicative.
        Present                        εἰ + impf. indicative, ἂν + impf. indicative.
        Future Less Vivid          εἰ + optative, ἂν + optative.


第一步，首先觀察後件（apodosis），若後件有ἄν則為與事實相反（或未來較不可能）的條件句，若後件無ἄν則為simple conditions。

第二步，在simple conditions情況底下，觀察前件（protasis），若是ἐὰν + subjunctive（primary sequence）或εἰ + optative（secondary sequence），則為general conditions；若是εἰ + indicative，則為particular conditions。在contrary to fact情況底下，只有FLV使用optative，Past與Present使用indicative。

第三步才區分past, present, future。

【學習奧德賽】寫給初級古希臘文二的同學們

恭喜你們邁入新階段，真替你們感到高興！

當同學們還是初級古希臘文一的新生時，我與你們分享過Clean text（避免把英文翻譯或課堂筆記抄寫在古希臘文底下或旁邊之外）與Read aloud（大聲朗讀）這兩個原則。邁入新階段，除了這兩個原則繼續使用之外，請加入第三個原則Think in Greek（真正讀到希臘文，相較於讀到英文而言）：在閱讀時看到一個古希臘文字尤其是你已經認識的字請先別再去想它的英文翻譯，而是默默在心裡告訴自己「βέβαιος（Firm, Steady）就是βέβαιος呀，不然咧？」這道理跟你現在讀英文報紙時看到Firm時並不會把它特別翻譯為中文「穩固的」一樣。

如果一直沿用看著古希臘文嘴裡卻講出英文翻譯的習慣，你其實是把每個古希臘文字上面貼了英文翻譯標籤喔，學到的還是英文。這是為什麼許多同學上完一段時間的古希臘文課之後會明顯感到自己英文突飛猛進（笑）。

第四個原則：閱讀時已經認得的單字就要不去想它的英文翻譯，但是還是要去想這個字是名詞動詞容詞還是副詞？在句子裡扮演什麼角色？它是什麼格位性別單複數？或什麼Tense、Voice、Mood、第幾人稱單複數？為什麼作者選擇使用Imperfect描述一個動作？如何翻譯比較適當？你的理解與翻譯必須建立在對於文法準確掌握之上。我稱這個階段為Monitor your translation。

最後來整理一下
Clean text
Read aloud
Think in Greek
Monitor your translation

能走到這一步，你們都是台灣的小小國寶，請繼續加油！

John Cooper on Ancient Greek Philosophies as a Way of Life

引自牛津大學The John Locke Lectures 2011 點閱連結聆聽演講內容

Professor John Cooper (Princeton)

Ancient Greek Philosophies as a Way of Life

Abstract

Philosophy is a demanding intellectual discipline, with many facets: logic, epistemology, philosophy of nature and science, metaphysics, ethics, political philosophy, philosophy of art, rhetoric, philosophy of language and mind. But a long tradition of ancient Greek philosophers, beginning with Socrates, made their philosophies also complete ways of life. For them reason, perfected by philosophy—not religion, not cultural traditions and practices—constitutes the only legitimate authority for determining how one ought to live. They also thought philosophically informed reason should be the basis for all our practical attitudes, all our decisions, and in fact the whole of our lives. In these lectures we examine the development of this pagan tradition in philosophy, from its establishment by Socrates, through Plato and Aristotle, the Stoics, Epicurus, the Pyrrhonian Skeptics, and Plotinus and late ancient Platonism.

The 2011 John Locke Lecture series was held at 5 p.m. on Wednesdays in weeks 1 to 6 of Trinity Term 2011. The lectures were given at the Gulbenkian Lecture Theatre, St Cross Building, Manor Road. The classes took place at the Faculty of Philosophy, 10 Merton Street.

Lecture 1 (4th May): 'Philosophy in Antiquity as a Way of Life'

Lecture 2 (11th May): 'Aristotle's Philosophy as Two Ways of Life'

Class/Seminar (18th May): 'The Epicurean and Pyrrhonian Ways of Life'

Lecture 3 (25th May): 'The Stoic Way of Life'

Lecture 4 (1st June): 'Platonism as a Way of Life'

Class/Seminar (8th June): 'Plotinus on the Human Person and the Virtues'